Finally, the correlation between metabolomics characteristics and other traits such as antioxidant activities and morphological traits was evaluated. In addition, different metabolite contents of five tomato types were described in the metabolic pathway map. After that, we performed a non-targeted metabolomics analysis by using the gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–linear trap quadrupole-orbitrap–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS) platforms. In order to understand global metabolic disparities in different cultivars of tomato, we chose five different types that represent various tomato cultivars. However, there are scarce studies that considered the correlation between metabolome and bioactive functions of various tomato cultivars. Thus, metabolome information of plants could lead us to link specific metabolites with yield or quality relevant traits (e.g., colors, size, and nutrients) ( 18). Intriguingly, plant metabolomics has provided important information about discriminant metabolites in plants and, concurrently, their correlations between metabolites and crop quality. Most food metabolomics studies revealed a relation between metabolites and their bioactive functions, which can be potentially contributed to human health care ( 15– 17). Recently, metabolomics approaches are harnessed to improve our fundamental understanding of metabolite composition in foods and plants. However, global metabolite analysis of diverse tomato cultivars has not been done so far. Also, only carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotene) and polyphenols (apigenins and quercetins) were considered for comparison among tomato cultivars ( 12– 14).
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For example, a fully dried tomato contains 2–2.5% of free amino acids, mostly composed of glutamic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamine, and aspartic acid, which contribute to umami taste of the fruit ( 10, 11). Moreover, most studies usually considered specific nutrients such as amino acids, carotenoids, and polyphenols (e.g., flavonoids, flavanones, and flavones) of limited tomato cultivars and evaluated their functional effects.
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Although many kinds of tomatoes provided more options to consumers, they also provoked confusion while selecting tomato types in the markets since less nutritional information of new products is revealed. In order to follow food market trends, a myriad of new tomatoes, over 10,000 cultivars, have been developed to improve flavors, nutrients, and appearances ( 8, 9). The worldwide production of tomato has been gradually increased from 153.31 Mt (in 2010) to 182.26 Mt (in 2018) ( 7). Due to the benefits of tomatoes and growing interest in health, it became a highly popular fruit ( 6). Also, the health beneficial effects of tomatoes such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherogenic properties, reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases, have been intensively studied ( 2– 5). Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the superfoods and known as an intensely nutritious and healthy food ( 1). Accordingly, these results provide valuable information of different characteristics in various tomatoes, which can be considered while purchasing and improving tomato cultivars. The higher metabolic flux distribution of most primary metabolite synthetic pathways was observed in common tomatoes, while cherry tomato cultivars showed a significantly elevated flux in secondary metabolite synthetic pathways. Furthermore, to understand metabolic distributions in various tomato cultivars, we constructed a metabolic pathway map. Also, the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in cherry tomato cultivars. On the contrary, cherry tomato cultivars contained a higher proportion of phenylpropanoids, lycopene, β-carotene, and α-carotene than the other tomatoes. Common tomato cultivars, bigger and heavier than other tomatoes, contained higher levels of amino acids, organic acids, and lipids. To do so, we performed metabolite profiling along with evaluation of morphological and physicochemical properties of five representative tomato types. Therefore, metabolic differences and nutrient contents of various tomatoes need to be discovered. Tomato is one of the world's most consumed vegetables, and thus, various cultivars have been developed.